HOCM, difficult airway, cancer recurrence

73yo male with a local recurrence of SCC around the cheek/infra-auricular area.

Background

  • Facial SCC – WLE, neck dissection and radiotx March.
  • DASI 6.6 METS
  • PD – minor speech and swallowing changes
  • Polycythaemia rubra vera – hydroxyurea and venesections q3/12
  • Iron deficiency anaemia
  • NHL – Chemotx, treated

Issues

  • HOCM
    • Known since 2016, mod on TTE
    • Cardiologist review due to 6/12 history of worsening SOB
    • SOB and angina with slight inclines
    • TTE Aug ’21 showed severe LVOT obstruction, gradient 86mmHg
    • Cardiologist commenced beta-blocker
    • Ongoing review – Holter to look for ventricular tachydysrhythmias, ? will need defib, ? add disopyramide. 
    • Family to be referred for genetic testing
  • Timing of procedure
    • Ongoing cardiac workup and modification
    • Surg team keen to avoid delays where possible, due to previous local metastasis
  • Anaesthetic technique – surg reg suggests could be done under LA
  • Airway
    • Moderately difficult BMV and grade 2 laryngoscopy in March
    • Patient notes reduced MO since radiotx

Discussion

  • Anaesthetic technique
    • LA spread may be unreliable due to previous surgery
    • Concerns about sedation with likely difficult airway if conversion to GA required mid-case
    • Low physiologic stress procedure. Stress not appreciably reduced by loco-regional technique rather than GA.
    • HD stability desirable with HOCM
  • Timing
    • Thought that if Holter reassuring and asymptomatic from recent beta-blocker addition, then appropriate to proceed without delays to cancer surgery.
    • Likely that the degree LVOT obstruction is unchanged since previous anaesthetic in March, which was well tolerated.

Plan

  • Discuss Holter result with cardiologist – further treatment adjustment needed? disease severity likely stable since March.
  • Notification of procedural anaesthetist – airway assessment and plan on DOS. Patient aware that AFOI may be required.

Coeliac stent for mesenteric angina

45yo male for an aortogram, mesenteric angiogram +/- coeliac artery stent via R CFA +/- brachial approach. Interesting case for discussion.

Background

  • ? Mesenteric angina
    • Laparoscopic median arcuate ligament release 2021 due to weight loss, nausea, chest/abdominal pain.
    • Ongoing symptoms requiring admission to hospital in August – chest pain, SOB, 3 x syncopal episodes.
    • Weight loss now 25kg
    • Carotid dopplers, TTE, stress TTE, CTPA, CTB, troponins and ECG all negative.
    • ED presentation September with same symptoms after clopidogrel loading.
    • Abdominal angiography showed ongoing 90% coeliac artery stenosis
    • Plan for stent in lab 4.
  • Childhood asthma
  • Quit smoking 2020 (20PYH)
  • Depression and anxiety

Issues

  • Unusual symptomsany concerning causes not fully elucidated?
    • Difficult to think of any investigation that hasn’t been done!
    • Possible vagal episodes (causing syncope) due to pain
  • Procedural risks?
    • At initial laparoscopic ligament release, substantial bleeding risk flagged to anaesthetist.
    • bleeding risk with this procedure?
  • Anaesthetic technique?
    • Tempting to avoid GA given history however conversion to GA in an emergency may be challenging. 
    • Also potential for long ++ procedure (from limited experience from the group) making light sedation challenging.

Discussion

  • What is median arcuate ligament syndrome? (from Uptodate)
    • A.k.a. coeliac axis syndrome, coeliac artery compression syndrome, Dunbar syndrome.
    • Recurrent abdominal pain related to compression of the coeliac artery by the MAL. 
    • Symptoms may be ischaemic or neuropathic.
    • Triad: post-prandial abdominal pain, weight loss, abdominal bruit.
    • 30yo+, 4 x more common in women
    • Careful patient selection for intervention needed, as may be an incidental finding in asymptomatic people, or not clearly related to symptoms due to another cause.
    • Treated initially with a laparoscopic ligament release. Second line treatments include ganglionectomy, percutaneous revascularisation or surgical revascularisation.  

  • Image

Plan

  • Procedural anaesthetist notified -> will discuss bleeding risks with surgeon on the day and have blood available in lab 4 if thought prudent (nil previous Abs)
  • GA thought to be safe and appropriate
  • Nil further Investiagtions

Cancellation for hyperglycaemia

45-year-old man planned for cystoscopy and retrograde pyelogram

Backgroundpage6image3517843520

  • IDDM – Type 1
  • ESRF – haemodialysis
  • Uncontrolled hypertension
  • Cognitive decline – multiple CVA’s
  • BKA 2018

Issues

  • Cancelled on day of surgery – BSL = 27mmol/L
  • Regular insulin and antihypertensives had been withheld on morning of surgery

Discussion

Could this have been prevented?

  • Phone consult undertaken – difficult due to cognitive decline
  • Webster pack reviewed and medications charted accurately
  • Insulin not documented on webster pack form and missed
  • Phone call from day stay to patient the night before. Patient asked about insulin, told towithhold as nothing documented in notes
  • Very easy mistake to make during difficult phone consult
  • Need to check separately for injectable medications, inhalers, anticoagulants, and aspirin
  • Prolia (denosumab) commonly forgotten by patients as is 6-monthly injection.
  • Perioperative management of medication guidelines www.perioptalk.org
  • If in doubt about perioperative medication, can discuss with prescriber

Partially empty sella, oophorectomy

31-year-old lady for Hysteroscopy, D&C, Ablation, and Laparoscopic Bilateral Oophorectomy

Backgroundpage5image3517350224

  • Chronic pelvic pain, recurrent ovarian cysts
  • Menorrhagia and anaemia, known to Gynaecologist for many years
  • Multiple previous hysteroscopies and laparoscopies
  • Decision to have oophorectomy made the day prior to clinic review via preoperative phoneconsult with proceduralist
  • Recent referral to chronic pain specialist, review pending

Issues

  • Partially Empty Sella syndrome – ACTH, TSH, and Prolactin deficiency
  • On high-dose Hydrocortisone
  • Previous Addisonian crisis perioperatively despite steroid replacement regime?
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Severe untreated GORD
  • Procedure booked for private hospital with no onsite endocrinology support
  • Very fit and healthy lady despite co-morbidities. DASI >10

Discussion

What is Partially Empty Sella?

  • Empty sella – Radiological description. Pituitary gland shrinks/is compressed by CSF making the sella look empty.
  • Partial empty sella – remnants of the pituitary gland visible on MRI
  • Rare condition, congenital. Mainly affects women
  • Hypopituitarism – mainly deficiencies of anterior pituitary hormones.
  • Common manifestations are Central hypogonadism and female infertility.

Perioperative management of Addison’s

  • Maintain hydration and regular steroid replacement
  • Monitor electrolytes and BSL

Plan:

  • IV hydrocortisone replacement at start of surgery – dose dependent on surgery and duration of fasting
  • IV hydrocortisone replacement in first 24 hours after intermediate and major surgery
  • Endocrinologist advice recommended. See attached BJA education paper

Suitable for Private Hospital?

  • Consensus was no, surgery should be rescheduled to occur at JHH
  • Endocrinologist in agreement, should be in hospital where they are available to consult
  • Proceed at JHH
  • Steroid replacement regime in conjunction with endocrine
  • Recheck pathology including TFT’s
  • Commence PPI
  • See article Anaesthesia and Pituitary Disease doi:10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkr014

Laparotomy, hx of CVA

47-year-old lady for laparotomy, left hemicolectomy and ileocolic resection

Backgroundpage4image3517026096

Issues

  • Crohn’s disease – current descending colon and terminal ileum strictures
  • Multiple previous surgeries 20 years ago
  • Recurrent perianal abscesses
  • Poorly controlled disease, on 10mg prednisolone and infliximab
  • Cryptogenic occipital CVA in 2019
    • No risk factors
    • Cardiology and neurology review at time of event
    • TTE, and bubble study performed – Reported as normal aside from ‘a probable pseudo-massin LA which could represent a side lobe artefact.’
    • Holter showed Ventricular bigeminy – asymptomatic
    • No further issues with CVA’s

Discussion

Further investigations warranted?

  • Is there an indication to repeat echo/bubble study?
  • Consensus was no, reported as artifact and a repeat test is unlikely to change management.
  • Suggested that we could discuss this with the cardiologist who reviewed at time

Plan:

  • Discussed with cardiologist, scans reviewed and happy that LA mass is artefact.
  • Ventricular bigeminy ongoing, cardiologist feels benign in setting of normal LV systolicfunction and lack of symptoms

Bullous emphysema, inguinal hernia

41-year-old man for consideration of Open Right inguinal Hernia repair

Backgroundpage3image3534065456

Issues

  • Symptomatic right inguinal hernia, contributing to chronic pain
  • Intermittent obstructive urinary symptoms
  • Severe bullous emphysema – currently being worked-up for double lung transplant
    • Ceased smoking 2 years, 25 pack year history
    • Previous heavy marijuana use – now ceased
    • Pulmonary rehabilitation ongoing, very motivated
    • No hospital admissions with LRTI, no history bullae rupture
    • Formal spirometry: FEV1=2.19 (58%), FVC=3.77 (82%), TLCO=39%
    • 6MWT = 518m – 81% of normal distance for age
  • Normal sleep study and Echo
  • DASI 6.2MET’s
  • Chronic pancreatitis, no alcohol use
  • Chronic pain and significant anxiety/depression issues.

Discussion

Timing of surgery

  • Consensus that is appropriate to perform hernia surgery prior to transplant
  • Patient is experiencing discomfort from hernia and transplant surgery may be years away

Optimisation

  • Fully optimised from respiratory perspective, and had all relevant respiratory and cardiac investigations
  • Chronic pain is a concern, especially with a view to transplant surgery

Anaesthetic Techniques

  • Patient is very keen for regional anaesthesia
  • Spinal vs Local infiltration discussed, consensus opinion that either would be a suitableanaesthetic

Plan:

  • Proceed to surgery
  • Discuss meeting outcomes with surgeon
  • Refer to HIPS for chronic pain management

Pancreas EUS, severe resp dx

56-year-old lady with recurrent pancreatitispage2image3512703968

Background

  • ‘Grumbling’ chronic pancreatitis over last 3 years
  • Monthly symptoms and hospital presentations
  • Lipase and LFT’s elevated
  • Previous cholecystectomy

Issues

  • Severe COPD and asthma- 26 pack year smoking history
  • Severe mixed obstructive and restrictive defect on formal spirometry: FEV1/FVC = 0.71/1.66, Bronchodilator reversibility. TLCO 69%
  • Multiple admissions with infective exacerbations of COPD
  • Mild OSA
  • NYHA Class 3 dyspnoea, walks 200-300m on flat
  • Attended JHH for EUS pancreas a few weeks ago, waking from RNC to JHH door to gain entry to hospital and was dyspnoeic. A passing Dr noticed her respiratory distress and stopped to help her, called the gastroenterologist and the procedure was cancelled.

Discussion

Opportunities for optimisation

  • Discussed with regular respiratory physician, optimised from respiratory perspective, but suggests there may be room to improve dyspnoea with diuretics.
  • Recent admission with infective exacerbation of COPD, she responded to a small dose of furosemide.
  • BNP during admission = 982.
  • Post-discharge, Sestamibi and TTE were normal.
  • Awaiting appointment with cardiologist

Proceed to surgery?page3image3534029344

  • Patient at her baseline best, states that the dyspnoea she was experiencing was normal for her.
  • Cardiology opinion useful in the long-termpage3image3534006016
  • Cardiac investigations reassuringpage3image3534008784
  • No benefit to repeating BNP, unlikely to change anaesthetic managementpage3image3534016496
  • Needs to be assessed for fluid status on DOSpage3image3534041680

Plan

  • Proceed to surgery
  • Discuss at cardiology MDT

Ethmoid sinus biopsy

84-year-old man with B cell lymphoma and new sinus masses

Backgroundpage2image3512439104

  • Diffuse large B cell lymphoma, secondary to mycophenolate
  • R-CHOP chemotherapy
  • New onset headaches and diplopia – PET-avid sinus lesions

Issues

  • Profoundly frail and deconditioned. CFS = 6, DASI 2.9 METS
  • Multiple hospital admissions this year including ICU stay for neutropenic sepsis and 40-dayhospital admission
  • Renal Transplant 2014 – live donor kidney from wife. Native polycystic kidney disease.
  • IDDM – secondary to methylprednisolone for acute transplant rejection
  • Severe MR – Mitraclip in Nov 2020 post chordae rupture.
  • Regular cardiology follow-up until lymphoma diagnosis, current plan to focus on cancertreatment.
  • Recent echo – mild to moderate residual MR, Moderate concentric LVH, low-normal systolicfunction, moderate to severe pulmonary hypertension, and severe LA enlargement.
  • Paroxysmal AF – not currently anticoagulated
  • VRE

Discussion

Reason for procedure

  • Diagnostic vs therapeutic – patient and family believe it may help to resolve his headaches
  • Discussed with ENT – diagnostic procedure only. Requested by oncologist. The Surgeon doesnot think it will add any therapeutic benefit.
  • Surgeon and oncologist to have further discussions

Opportunity for optimisation

  • Discussed with Prof Fletcher, last echo reassuring. Patient on optimal cardiac therapy.
  • Significant level of frailty and deconditioning are concerning
  • High-risk patient and low risk procedure
  • Ascertain if biopsy will significantly affect the management of his malignancy

Advanced care planning

• No documented advanced care directive in notes

Plan

  • Await outcome of discussions between oncologist and ENT surgeon
  • Liaise with patient regarding ACD

EVAR and New COPD Diagnosis

84-year-old man with 5.9cm infra-renal AAA

Backgroundpage1image3378490960

  • Incidental finding on CT for urology
  • BPH – recent cystoscopy under GA with no issues

Issues

  • Undiagnosed COPD? Never seen respiratory physician, distant smoking history.
  • SpO2 = 84% on room air, decreased to 87% following walk up 2 FOS
  • Clinic spirometry: severe obstruction, FEV1/FVC = 0.59/1.78= 0.33
  • HARD card – previous difficult intubation, and history of suxamethonium apnoea
  • Hypertension = 183/92 in clinic

Discussion

Optimisation

  • Referred to Rapid access respiratory clinic, appointment 4 weeks after planned surgery date
  • Consensus that we should await respiratory review if surgeon happy with delay
  • Needs formal spirometry – assessment of severity and bronchodilator reversibility
  • Potential to improve pre-operatively with COPD therapy
  • Download GOLD app at www.goldcopd.org for assessment and treatment algorithms

Conduct of anaesthesia

  • GA -history of difficult airway and significant anxiety
  • Most thought it would be prudent to secure the airway at the beginning of the case
  • Discussed with surgeon, anticipates 2-hour surgical time

Plan

  • Await respiratory review and formal spirometry